Micropollutant Control in Wastewater Treatment
A Review of Harnessing Nitrification and Denitrification Biotransformation of Micropollutant
Abstract
Micropollutants, an array of organic compounds such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and agrochemicals, are pervasive in contemporary ecosystems, posing significant threats to environmental health even in trace concentrations. Therefore, exploring an efficient and effective technique to remediate these pollutants is essential. Nitrification–denitrification (ND) have emerged as one of the most sustainable treatment methods that effectively mitigate micropollutants while facilitating their biotransformation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate interactions fundamentally and mechanically between the ND process and the influencing factors, such as dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH optimization, which are vital to the success of micropollutant biotransformation. Insights gained from this examination contribute to a deeper understanding of microbial strategies, which offer potential avenues for sustainable environmental management and the protection of ecosystem integrity.
Downloads
References
Abbassi, R., Kumar Yadav, A., Huang, S., and Jaffé, P.R., 2014. Laboratory study of nitrification, denitrification and anammox processes in membrane bioreactors considering periodic aeration. Journal of Environmental Management, 142, pp.53-59.
Abu Bakar, S.N.H., Abu Hasan, H., Mohammad, A.W., Sheikh Abdullah, S.R., Haan, T.Y., Ngteni, R., and Yusof, K.M.M., 2018. A review of moving-bed biofilm reactor technology for palm oil mill effluent treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, pp.1532-1545.
Alvarino, T., Suarez, S., Lema, J., and Omil, F., 2018. Understanding the sorption and biotransformation of organic micropollutants in innovative biological wastewater treatment technologies. Science of the Total Environment, 615, pp.297-306.
Alzate Marin, J.C., Caravelli, A.H., and Zaritzky, N.E., 2016. Nitrification and aerobic denitrification in anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor. Bioresource Technology, 200, pp.380-387.
American Water Works Association, 2013. Nitrification Prevention and Control in Drinking Water, 2nd ed., AWWA Manual. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
Arumugham, T., Khudzari, J., Abdullah, N., Yuzir, A., Iwamoto, K., and Homma, K., 2024a. Research trends and future directions on nitrification and denitrification processes in biological nitrogen removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 12, p.111897.
Arumugham, T., Khudzari, J., Abdullah, N., Yuzir, A., Iwamoto, K., and Homma, K., 2024b. Research trends and future directions on nitrification and denitrification processes in biological nitrogen removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 12, p.111897.
Bucci, P., Coppotelli, B., Morelli, I., Zaritzky, N., and Caravelli, A., 2021. Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification performance in a granular sequencing batch reactor supported by next generation sequencing. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society, 160, p.105210.
Bueno, R.F., Piveli, R.P., Campos, F., and Sobrinho, P.A., 2018. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the activated sludge systems of continuous flow. Environmental Technology, 39, pp.2641-2652.
Chai, H., Xiang, Y., Chen, R., Shao, Z., Gu, L., Li, L., and He, Q., 2019. Enhanced simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio wastewater: Treatment performance and nitrogen removal pathway. Bioresource Technology, 280, pp.51-58.
Chang, M., Wang, Y., Pan, Y., Zhang, K., Lyu, L., Wang, M., and Zhu, T., 2019. Nitrogen removal from wastewater via simultaneous nitrification and denitrification using a biological folded non-aerated filter. Bioresource Technology, 289, p.121696.
Clara, M., Kreuzinger, N., Strenn, B., Gans, O., and Kroiss, H., 2005. The solids retention time-a suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants. Water Research, 39, pp.97-106.
Corsino, S.F., Capodici, M., Morici, C., Torregrossa, M., and Viviani, G., 2016. Simultaneous nitritation-denitritation for the treatment of high-strength nitrogen in hypersaline wastewater by aerobic granular sludge. Water Research, 88, pp.329-336.
Dawas-Massalha, A., Gur-Reznik, S., Lerman, S., Sabbah, I., and Dosoretz, C.G., 2014. Co-metabolic oxidation of pharmaceutical compounds by a nitrifying bacterial enrichment. Bioresource Technology, 167, pp.336-342.
Di Capua, F., Iannacone, F., Sabba, F., and Esposito, G., 2022. Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in biofilm systems for wastewater treatment: Key factors, potential routes, and engineered applications Author links open overlay panel. Bioresource Technology, 361, p.127702.
Doble, M., Kruthiventi, A.K., and Gaikar, V.G., 2004. Biotransformations and Bioprocesses, Biotechnology and Bioprocessing Series. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Dorival-García, N., Zafra-Gómez, A., Navalón, A., González-López, J., Hontoria, E., and Vílchez, J.L., 2013. Removal and degradation characteristics of quinolone antibiotics in laboratory-scale activated sludge reactors under aerobic, nitrifying and anoxic conditions. The Journal of Environmental Management, 120, pp.75-83.
Fernandez-Fontaina, E, Omil, F., Lema, J.M., and Carballa, M., 2012. Influence of nitrifying conditions on the biodegradation and sorption of emerging micropollutants. Water Research, 46, pp.5434-5444.
Fernandez-Fontaina, E., Omil, F., Lema, J.M., and Carballa, M., 2012. Influence of nitrifying conditions on the biodegradation and sorption of emerging micropollutants. Water Research, 46, pp.5434-5444.
Gao, F., Zhang, J.M., Wang, Z.G., Peng, W., Hu, H.L., and Fu, C.M., 2013. Biotransformation, a promising technology for anti-cancer drug development. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14, pp.5599-5608.
Ghasemi, M., Hasani Zonoozi, M., and Hoseini Shamsabadi, M.J., 2024. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification pattern in aerated moving-bed sequencing batch reactor: Choosing appropriate SRT for different COD/N ratios. Water Practice and Technology, 19, pp.1920-1935.
Gieseke, A., Arnz, P., Amann, R., and Schramm, A., 2002. Simultaneous P and N removal in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor: Insights from reactor- and microscale investigations. Water Research, 36, pp.501-509.
Gonzalez-Gil, L., Carballa, M., and Lema, J.M., 2017. Cometabolic enzymatic transformation of organic micropollutants under methanogenic conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 51, pp.2963-2971.
Guo, Y., Zhou, X., Li, Y., Li, K., Wang, C., Liu, J., Yan, D., Liu, Y., Yang, D., and Xing, J., 2013. Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification by a novel Halomonas campisalis. Biotechnology Letters, 35, pp.2045-2049.
Hall, J.C., Hoagland, R.E., and Zablotowicz, R.M., 2000. Pesticide Biotransformation in Plants and Microorganisms Similarities and Divergences. American Chemical Society, UAS.
Hammar, F., 2002. History of modern genetics in Germany, In: Dutta, N.N., Hammar, F., Haralampidis, K., Karanth, N.G., König, A., Krishna, S.H., Kunze, G., Nagy, E., Orlich, B., Osbourn, A.E., Raghavarao, K.S.M.S., Riedel, K., Sahoo, G.C., Schomäcker, R., Srinivas, N.D., and Trojanowska, M. (Eds.), History and Trends in Bioprocessing and Biotransformation, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp.1-29.
Hammer, L., and Palmowski, L., 2021. Fate of selected organic micropollutants during anaerobic sludge digestion. Water Environment Research, 93, pp.1910-1924.
Han, P., Yu, Y., Zhou, L., Tian, Z., Li, Z., Hou, L., Liu, M., Wu, Q., Wagner, M., and Men, Y., 2019. Specific micropollutant biotransformation pattern by the comammox bacterium Nitrospira inopinata. Environmental Science and Technology, 53, pp.8695-8705.
Hayatsu, M., Katsuyama, C., and Tago, K., 2021. Overview of recent researches on nitrifying microorganisms in soil. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 67, pp.619-632.
He, S., Xue, G., and Wang, B., 2009. Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and de-nitrification (SND) and its kinetics model in membrane bioreactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, pp.704-710.
Huang, R., Meng, T., Liu, G., Gao, S., and Tian, J., 2022. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in membrane bioreactor: Effect of dissolved oxygen. Journal of Environmental Management, 323, p.116183.
Huang, S., Fu, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, C., Zou, C., and Lu, X., 2023. Research progress of novel bio-denitrification technology in deep wastewater treatment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, p.1284369.
Ilies, P., and Mavinic, D.S., 2001. Biological nitrification and denitrification of a simulated high ammonia landfill leachate using 4-stage Bardenpho systems: System startup and acclimation. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28, pp.85-97.
James, O.O., Cao, J.S., Kabo-Bah, A.T., and Wang, G., 2015. Assessing the impact of solids retention time (SRT) on the secondary clarifier capacity using the State Point Analysis. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 19, pp.1265-1270.
James, S.N., and Vijayanandan, A., 2023. Recent advances in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification for nitrogen and micropollutant removal: A review. Biodegradation 34, pp.103-123.
Ji, B., Yang, K., Zhu, L., Jiang, Y., Wang, H., Zhou, J., and Zhang, H., 2015. Aerobic denitrification: A review of important advances of the last 30 years. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 20, pp.643-651.
Jia, Y., Zhou, M., Chen, Y., Hu, Y., and Luo, J., 2020. Insight into short-cut of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process in moving bed biofilm reactor: Effects of carbon to nitrogen ratio. Chemical Engineering Journal, 400, p.125905.
Jonas, M., Luca, R., Barry, D.A., and Christof, H., 2015. A Review of the Fate of Micropollutants in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Wiley Period. Inc CORE Metadata Citation and Similar Papers at. Coreacuk Provided Infoscience École Polytechnique. Fédérale Lausanne. Wiley, United States.
Kanda, R., Kishimoto, N., Hinobayashi, J., and Hashimoto, T., 2016. Effects of recirculation rate of nitrified liquor and temperature on biological nitrification-denitrification process using a trickling filter. Water and Environment Journal, 30, pp.190-196.
Kennes-Veiga, D.M., Gónzalez-Gil, L., Carballa, M., and Lema, J.M., 2022. Enzymatic cometabolic biotransformation of organic micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants: A review. Bioresource Technology, 344, p.126291.
Khin, T., and Annachhatre, A.P., 2004. Novel microbial nitrogen removal processes. Biotechnology Advances, 22, pp.519-532.
Kolakovic, S., Salgado, R., Freitas, E.B., Bronze, M.R., Sekulic, M.T., Carvalho, G., Reis, M.A.M., and Oehmen, A., 2022. Diclofenac biotransformation in the enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. Science of the Total Environment, 806, p.151232.
Lakshminarasimman, N., Quiñones, O., Vanderford, B.J., Campo-Moreno, P., Dickenson, E.V., and McAvoy, D.C., 2018. Biotransformation and sorption of trace organic compounds in biological nutrient removal treatment systems. Science of the Total Environment, 640-641, pp.62-72.
Landi, A.I., and Lu, J., 2022. Effects of aeration rates and patterns on shortcut nitrification and denitrification Ali. Journal of Environmental Protection, 13, pp.640-656.
Levine, A.D., Meyer, M.T., and Kish, G., 2006. Evaluation of the persistence of micropollutants through pure‐oxygen activated sludge nitrification and denitrification. Water Environment Research, 78, pp.2276-2285.
Li, A.J., Li, X.Y., Quan, X.C., and Yang, Z.F., 2013. Aerobic sludge granulation for partial nitrification of ammonia-rich inorganic wastewater. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 12, pp.1375-1380.
Li, B., and Irvin, S., 2007. The comparison of alkalinity and ORP as indicators for nitrification and denitrification in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Biochemical Engineering Journal, 34, pp.248-255.
Li, B., and Wu, G., 2014. Effects of sludge retention times on nutrient removal and nitrous oxide emission in biological nutrient removal processes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11, pp.3553-3569.
Li, L., Song, K., Yeerken, S., Geng, S., Liu, D., Dai, Z., Xie, F., Zhou, X., and Wang, Q., 2020. Effect evaluation of microplastics on activated sludge nitrification and denitrification. Science of the Total Environment, 707, p.135953.
Li, Y., Guo, J., Li, H., Song, Y., Chen, Z., Lu, C., Han, Y., and Hou, Y., 2020. Effect of dissolved oxygen on simultaneous removal of ammonia, nitrate and phosphorus via biological aerated filter with sulfur and pyrite as composite fillers. Bioresource Technology, 296, p.122340.
Liu, Y., Shi, H., Xia, L., Shi, H., Shen, T., Wang, Z., Wang, G., and Wang, Y., 2010. Study of operational conditions of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a Carrousel oxidation ditch for domestic wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology, 101, pp.901-906.
Luo, Y., Guo, W., Ngo, H.H., Nghiem, L.D., Hai, F.I., Zhang, J., Liang, S., and Wang, X.C., 2014. A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 473-474, pp.619-641.
Ma, W., Han, Y., Ma, W., Han, H., Zhu, H., Xu, C., Li, K., and Wang, D., 2017. Enhanced nitrogen removal from coal gasification wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in an oxygen-limited aeration sequencing batch biofilm reactor. Bioresource Technology, 244, pp.84-91.
Marti, E., Huerta, B., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., Barceló, D., Jofre, J., and Balcázar, J.L., 2014. Characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates from a wastewater treatment plant and its receiving river. Water Research, 61, pp.67-76.
Miao, L., Yang, G., Tao, T., and Peng, Y., 2019. Recent advances in nitrogen removal from landfill leachate using biological treatments - a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 235, pp.178-185.
Michioku, K., Taniura, H., and Inoue, K., 2016. Optimization of Nitrification/Denitrification Process in Landfill Leachate Treatment. In: International Symposium on Ecohydraulics. 11th ed Engineers Australia, Barton ACT, Melbourne, pp.342-349.
Mota, C., Head, M., Ridenoure, J., Cheng, J., and De Los Reyes, F., 2005. Effects of aeration cycles on nitrifying bacterial populations and nitrogen removal in intermittently aerated reactors. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, pp.8565-8572.
Nair, D., Abalos, D., Philippot, L., Bru, D., Mateo-Marín, N., and Petersen, S.O., 2021. Soil and temperature effects on nitrification and denitrification modified N2O mitigation by 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 157, p.108224.
Pagga, U., Bachner, J., and Strotmann, U., 2006. Inhibition of nitrification in laboratory tests and model wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere, 65, pp.1-8.
Peng, Y.Z., Chen, Y., Peng, C.Y., Liu, M., Wang, S.Y., Song, X.Q., and Cui, Y.W., 2004. Nitrite accumulation by aeration controlled in sequencing batch reactors treating domestic wastewater. Water Science and Technology. 50, 35-43.
Phan, H.V., Hai, F.I., Kang, J., Dam, H.K., Zhang, R., Price, W.E., Broeckmann, A., and Nghiem, L.D., 2014. Simultaneous nitrification/denitrification and trace organic contaminant (TrOC) removal by an anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR). Bioresource Technology, 165, pp.96-104.
Pochana, K., and Keller, J., 1999. Study of factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). Water Science Technologies, 39, pp.61-68.
Pous, N., Puig, S., Balaguer, M.D., and Colprim, J., 2017a. Effect of hydraulic retention time and substrate availability in denitrifying bioelectrochemical systems. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 3, pp.922-229.
Pous, N., Puig, S., Balaguer, M.D., and Colprim, J., 2017b. Effect of hydraulic retention time and substrate availability in denitrifying bioelectrochemical systems. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 3, pp.922-229.
Qian, W., Ma, B., Li, X., Zhang, Q., and Peng, Y., 2019. Long-term effect of pH on denitrification: High pH benefits achieving partial-denitrification. Bioresource Technology, 278, pp.444-449.
Qu, D., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Zhou, R., and Ren, H., 2015. Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification by a novel groundwater origin cold-adapted bacterium at low temperatures. RSC Advances, 5, pp.5149-5157.
Qu, W., Suo, L., Liu, R., Liu, M., Zhao, Y., Xia, L., Fan, Y., Zhang, Q., and Gao, Z., 2022. Influence of temperature on denitrification and microbial community structure and diversity: A laboratory study on nitrate removal from groundwater. Water, 14, p.436.
Radley, E., Davidson, J., Foster, J., Obexer, R., Bell, E.L., and Green, A.P., 2023. Engineering enzymes for environmental sustainability. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 62, p.e202309305.
Reid, G., 1907. Nitrification of sewage. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character, 79, pp.58-74.
Rout, P.R., Bhunia, P., and Dash, R.R., 2017. Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorous from domestic wastewater using Bacillus cereus GS-5 strain exhibiting heterotrophic nitrification, aerobic denitrification and denitrifying phosphorous removal. Bioresource Technology, 244, pp.484-495.
Saïd, M., Ezzahra, A.F., Jamal, A., Mohammed, R., and Omar, A., 2014. Heterotrophic denitrification by Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus cereus and Bacillus tequilensis 4. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4.
Sanz, J.P., Freund, M., and Hother, S., 1996. Nitrification and denitrification in continuous upflow filters - process modelling and optimization. Water Science and Technology, 34, pp.441-448.
Sarioglu, M., Insel, G., Artan, N., and Orhon, D., 2009. Model evaluation of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a membrane bioreactor operated without an anoxic reactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 337, pp.17-27.
Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M., and Imboden, D.M., 2017. Environmental Organic Chemistry., 3rd ed. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Sharma, P., Kanta Pandey, K., Lepcha, A., Sharma, S., Maurya, N., Kumar Sharma, S., Pradhan, R., and Kumar, R., 2023. Elucidating the potential of nitrifying bacteria in mitigating nitrogen pollution and its industrial application. Microsphere, 2, pp.246-259.
She, Z., Wu, L., Wang, Q., Gao, M., Jin, C., Zhao, Y., Zhao, L., and Guo, L., 2018. Salinity effect on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, microbial characteristics in a hybrid sequencing batch biofilm reactor. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 41, pp.65-75.
Singh, V., Ormeci, B., Mishra, S., and Hussain, A., 2022. Simultaneous partial Nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) - A review of critical operating parameters and reactor configurations. Chemical Engineering Journal, 433, p.133677.
Sipma, J., Osuna, B., Collado, N., Monclús, H., Ferrero, G., Comas, J., and Rodriguez-Roda, I., 2010. Comparison of removal of pharmaceuticals in MBR and activated sludge systems. Desalination, 250, pp.653-659.
Smith, A.G., 1978. Nitrification-Denitrification of Wastewater using a Single-Sludge System, Research Report - Research Program for the Abatement of Municipal Pollution “Project no. 71-1-20.” Environment Canada : Obtained from Training and Technology Transfer Division (Water), Environmental Protection Service, Fisheries and Environment Canada, Ottawa.
Smriga, S., Ciccarese, D., and Babbin, A.R., 2021. Denitrifying bacteria respond to and shape microscale gradients within particulate matrices. Communications Biology, 4, p.570.
Song, T., Zhang, X., Li, J., Wu, X., Feng, H., and Dong, W., 2021. A review of research progress of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification microorganisms (HNADMs). Science of the Total Environment, 801, p.149319.
Song, X., Yang, X., Hallerman, E., Jiang, Y., and Huang, Z., 2020. Effects of hydraulic retention time and influent nitrate-N concentration on nitrogen removal and the microbial community of an aerobic denitrification reactor treating recirculating marine aquaculture system effluent. Water, 12, p.650.
Statiris, E., Dimopoulos, T., Petalas, N., Noutsopoulos, C., Mamais, D., and Mamais, S., 2022. Investigating the long and short-term effect of free ammonia and free nitrous acid levels on nitritation biomass of a sequencing batch reactor treating thermally pre-treated sludge reject water. Bioresource Technology, 362, p.127760.
Suarez, S., Lema, J.M., and Omil, F., 2010. Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) under nitrifying and denitrifying conditions. Water Research, 44, pp.3214-3224.
Sun, H., Jiang, T., Zhang, F., Zhang, P., Zhang, H., Yang, H., Lu, J., Ge, S., Ma, B., Ding, J., and Zhang, W., 2012. Understanding the effect of free ammonia on microbial nitrification mechanisms in suspended activated sludge bioreactors. Environmental Research, 200, 111737.
Suneethi, S., Keerthiga, G., Soundhar, R., Kanmani, M., Boobalan, T., Krithika, D., and Philip, L., 2015. Qualitative evaluation of small scale municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in South India. Water Practice and Technology, 10, pp.711-719.
Thakur, I.S., and Medhi, K., 2019. Nitrification and denitrification processes for mitigation of nitrous oxide from waste water treatment plants for biovalorization: Challenges and opportunities. Bioresource Technology, 282, pp.502-513.
Tiwari, B., Sellamuthu, B., Ouarda, Y., Drogui, P., Tyagi, R.D., and Buelna, G., 2017. Review on fate and mechanism of removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater using biological approach. Bioresource Technology, 224, pp.1-12.
Wang, J., and Wang, S., 2016. Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 182, pp.620-640.
Wang, J., Rong, H., Cao, Y., and Zhang, C., 2020. Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in a moving bed sequencing batch reactor (MBSBR) system as revealed by microbial community structures.
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 43, pp.1833-1846.
Wang, Z., Fei, X., He, S., Huang, J., and Zhou, W., 2017a. Effects of hydraulic retention time and ratio on thiosulfate-driven autotrophic denitrification for nitrate removal from micro-polluted surface water. Environmental Technology, 38, pp.2835-2843.
Wang, Z., Fei, X., He, S., Huang, J., and Zhou, W., 2017b. Effects of hydraulic retention time and ratio on thiosulfate-driven autotrophic denitrification for nitrate removal from micro-polluted surface water. Environmental Technology, 38, pp.2835-2843.
Xiao, J., and Tang, J.H., 2014. Nitrogen removal with nitrification and denitrification via nitrite. Advanced Materials Research, 908, pp.175-178.
Xu, G., Feng, C., Fang, F., Chen, S., Xu, Y., and Wang, X., 2015. The heterotrophic-combined-with-autotrophic denitrification process: performance and interaction mechanisms. Water Science and Technology, 71, pp.1212-1218.
Yan, L., Liu, S., Liu, Q., Zhang, M., Liu, Y., Wen, Y., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., and Yang, Q., 2019. Improved performance of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification via nitrite in an oxygen-limited SBR by alternating the DO. Bioresource Technology, 275, pp.153-162.
Yang, S., and Yang, F., 2011. Nitrogen removal via short-cut simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an intermittently aerated moving bed membrane bioreactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, pp.318-323.
Zhang, F., Du, Z., Wang, J., Du, Y., and Peng, Y., 2024. Acidophilic partial nitrification (pH<6) facilitates ultra-efficient short-flow nitrogen transformation: Experimental validation and genomic insights. Water Research, 260, 121921.
Zhang, L., Wei, C., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., Fang, Q., and Li, S., 2009. Effects of temperature on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification via nitrite in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 32, pp.175-182.
Zhang, L., Yang, J., and Furukawa, K., 2010. Stable and high-rate nitrogen removal from reject water by partial nitrification and subsequent anammox. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering , 110, pp.441-448.
Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Luo, W., Wu, H., Liu, X., Chen, W., Tang, J., and Zhang, L., 2019. Effects of Temperature on the characteristics of nitrogen removal and microbial community in post solid-phase denitrification biofilter process. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, p.4466.
Zhang, X.Y., Zeng, Y.W., Tao, R.D., Zhang, M., Zheng, M.M., Qu, M.J., and Mei, Y.J., 2024. Analysis of the microbial diverisity and the mechanism of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in high nitrogen environments. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 21, pp.1-14.
Zhou, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhu, J., Li, C., and Chen, G., 2023. A comprehensive review on wastewater nitrogen removal and its recovery processes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, p.3429.
Zhu, S.M., Deng, Y.L., Ruan, Y.J., Guo, X.S., Shi, M.M., and Shen, J.Z., 2015. Biological denitrification using poly(butylene succinate) as carbon source and biofilm carrier for recirculating aquaculture system effluent treatment. Bioresource Technology, 192, pp.603-610.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hanaa A. Muhammad, Hikmat M. Masyab, Bakhtyar A. Othman, Yaseen Noori Mahmood
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who choose to publish their work with Aro agree to the following terms:
-
Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the journal the right of first publication. The work is simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0]. This license allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors have the freedom to enter into separate agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work. This includes options such as posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book, as long as proper acknowledgement is given to its initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors are encouraged to share and post their work online, including in institutional repositories or on their personal websites, both prior to and during the submission process. This practice can lead to productive exchanges and increase the visibility and citation of the published work.
By agreeing to these terms, authors acknowledge the importance of open access and the benefits it brings to the scholarly community.
ARO Journal is a scientific, peer-reviewed, periodical, and OAJ that has no APC or ASC.